I use hand-made books to impart information without the use of words or images; the books themselves are the idea, the shape of the paper the information. These ideas are conveyed by selecting the number and size of the volumes, by how the filaments are employed, and where and what, if anything, happens inside the assembled mass.

195 Ripples: water(wheel) uses an old book altered to support the cut tendrils that are made of a paper commonly used in book publishing.